Rubber Vulcanizing Agent
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Rubber vulcanizing agents are chemical compounds used in the rubber industry to improve the properties of rubber materials by promoting cross-linking reactions during the vulcanization process. These agents help in enhancing the strength, stability, and durability of rubber products. Sulfur is the most commonly used vulcanizing agent, followed by peroxides and metallic oxides.
Advantages of Rubber Vulcanizing Agent
Improvement of rubber strength
The vulcanizing agent can change the single bond between the rubber molecular chains into a double bond, forming a cross-linked structure. This cross-linking structure can improve the strength, hardness and abrasion resistance of rubber, and also increase the elasticity and tensile properties of rubber.
Improve heat resistance
The vulcanizing agent can make the rubber molecular chain form a three-dimensional network structure, so that the rubber has better heat resistance and aging resistance. Under the high temperature environment, the vulcanized rubber can maintain its original performance and will not soften or deform.
Improve chemical resistance
Vulcanized rubber has better chemical resistance, and can resist the corrosion of acids, alkalis, solvents and other chemicals. Therefore, vulcanized rubber is often used in the manufacture of chemical laboratories, chemical plants and other places in the pipeline and equipment.
Improve adhesion
The vulcanizing agent can make the rubber surface generate a vulcanized layer, so that the rubber has better adhesive properties. The vulcanized rubber can be better adhered to the surface of different materials such as metal, glass, plastic, etc. It is widely used in the manufacture of seals, pipes and other products.
Improve production efficiency
Vulcanizing agent can accelerate the rubber vulcanization reaction, shorten the vulcanization time and improve the production efficiency. At the same time, in the vulcanization process, the vulcanizing agent can also make the rubber surface smooth, improve the overall aesthetics of the product.
Types of Rubber Vulcanizing Agent
Sulfur
Yellow solid substance, widely used in natural rubber and some synthetic rubber. Commonly used sulfur includes sulfur powder, sublimated sulfur (also known as sulfur bloom) and precipitated sulfur. Sulfur is insoluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol and ether, and soluble in carbon disulfide and carbon tetrachloride. It is characterized by low heat resistance, high strength, and corrosive effect on copper wires. It is suitable for natural rubber and certain synthetic rubbers.
Metal oxides
Metal oxides are mainly used as vulcanizing agents for chloroprene rubber and chlorosulfonated polyethylene. Commonly used are zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, lead oxide, and lead tetroxide.
Zinc oxide has a specific gravity of 5.6, which is a white powder, non-toxic and tasteless. Zinc oxide is widely used in rubber, and is often used as the main vulcanizing agent with magnesium oxide in general purpose chloroprene rubber. It can be used as an activator of accelerator in natural rubber and other olefin rubbers. In addition, it also has a reinforcing effect.
Resin vulcanizing agent
The resin vulcanizing agent is mainly some thermosetting alky| phenolic resin and epoxy resin. The use of alkyl phenolic resin to vulcanize unsaturated carbon chain rubber and buty| rubber can significantly improve the heat resistance of the vulcanized rubber. The main varieties commonly used are phenol formaldehyde resins, such as tert-butyl phenol formaldehyde resin and tert-octyl phenol formaldehyde resin. Epoxy resin has a good vulcanization effect on carboxyI rubber and neoprene rubber, and its vulcanized rubber has good bending resistance.
Thiuram
The full name is tetramethylthiuram disulfide, and the trade name is TMTD. It is a widely used vulcanizing agent in wire and cable rubber, and can also be used as a vulcanization accelerator. The pure product has a melting point of 147°C ~ 148°C and a specific gravity of 1.29. It is an off-white powder. It is an overspeed accelerator for natural rubber, which can be decomposed to generate free radicals at 100°C, so it can be cross-linked by rubber. Using thiuram as a vulcanizing agent can improve the heat resistance and aging resistance of the rubber.
Application of Rubber Vulcanizing Agent
The most important application is as an accelerator and crosslinking agent in the rubber industry.
In the tire industry, a large amount of accelerators and crosslinking agents are needed, which are indispensable and important additives. Rubber vulcanizing agent integrates practicability and appearance requirements, and is widely used in some products bonded with rubber and structure, such as white sidewall rubber, retread tire, buffer rubber, rubber hose, carcass rubber, tape, in the “non-spray Frost” at the same time, to ensure the appearance of rubber semi-finished products.
The application market of rubber vulcanizing agent products is very extensive. Rubber vulcanizing agent can be found in rubber products such as cable casings, waterproof hoses, oil sealing materials, raw tapes, automotive inner tubes, insulation protection products, and automotive interior parts.
In addition to industrial applications, it is also widely distributed in daily necessities. Common light-colored rubber products on the market often require a large amount of sulfur, such as waterproof rubber shoes, special rubber products such as seals commonly used in hydropower construction, and household rubber products, toys, latex gloves and other advanced rubber products. Rubber vulcanizing agent can improve the bonding ability between rubber layers, greatly improve the quality of common rubber products, and prolong the service life. Compared with ordinary sulfur, it has many unique advantages.
In addition to the tire industry, its application fields also include energy and environmental protection, fabric dyes, pesticide reagents, metallurgical industry and other fields.
The process of cross-linking a rubber is referred to as vulcanization. The chemical process is carried out by using an organic peroxide that decomposes to form a free radical that joins adjacent polymer chains, forming a carbon-carbon linkage. During the process of cross-linking, the elastomer material will become cross-linked, thus creating a tough rubber product.
As the processing temperature is raised, the amount of rubber to be cured increases. The effect is similar to that of increasing the amount of heat – a 10degC increase in temperature results in 20-25% faster curing. Moreover, an improperly controlled built-up temperature increases the chance of degradation, making it crucial that the amount of curing agent is controlled. In any case, an excess curing agent will result in the deterioration of the product.
The degree of curing increases of zero at the start of the reaction to one at the end. Its slope increases as the reaction proceeds, reaching its maximum at half the reaction. Conventional electrometry, which uses a parallel plate configuration, monitors the curing process throughout the entire cycle from liquid to rubber to solid, as well as phase separation in complex resin blends. A more recent dielectric technique known as microdielectrometry has many benefits.
It is Insoluble sulfur
Insoluble sulfur is amorphous form of sulfur, which is made from the heat-polymerizing of sulfur, also can be obtained by reacting sulfured hydrogen with sulfur dioxide. Insoluble sulfur is macro-molecule polymer, and there are several thousand of sulfur atoms in its molecular chains. Since it doesn’t dissolve in carbon disulfide, it is called insoluble sulfur or polymeric sulfur. Currently insoluble sulfur is mainly used in rubber industries.
Insoluble sulfur is an important rubber additive agent. It improves product quality, wear ability and resistance to both fatigue and ageing. In addition to being universally recognized as the best vulcanizing agent, it is widely used in the manufacture of tire, rubber pipe, shoes, cable and wire insulating materials, latex, all kinds of automobile rubber parts and is also a necessary component of belt tires.
The amount of rubber that needs to be cured is determined by the processing temperature. The higher the temperature, the more likely the product will degrade. Hence, the higher the temperature, the lower the amount of rubber vulcanizing agent needed. For a good curing process, the processing temperature must not exceed 70 degrees Celsius. This is also known as the optimal curing temperature for rubber. However, the appropriate temperature for the curing process should be determined depending on the material and the desired aging characteristics of the final product.
Vulcanized adhesives are supplied in two parts that need to be mixed before application. One part contains sulfur and the other part is an accelerator. After mixing, the mixture is stable for eight hours and completely cures in about two weeks. Vulcanized adhesives can be used for bonding paper, leather, fabric, and elastomers. Listed below are some of the types of curing agents available.
The most common vulcanization agent is sulfur. The process is called sulfur vulcanization and involves the introduction of chemical crosslinks into the rubber matrix. As a result, the rubber becomes a three-dimensional network. The vulcanization agent typically contains sulfur, metal oxides, or fatty acids. The agents form different bonds in the rubber matrix. The main types of crosslinks are carbon-carbon and sulfur-sulfur linkages. The bond energy depends on the type of crosslinking.
When using a rubber vulcanizing agent, a good rule of thumb is one part per ten thousand milliliters of the compound. The agent should be applied to the part that needs to be cured. In addition to ensuring even application, the rubber must be cured at room temperature. However, it is important to note that the temperature of a rubber molding compound must be between 65degF and 165degC, as a higher temperature will impede the curing process. Also, rubber molding compounds should be stored at room temperature as warm temperatures may reduce working and curing times, and shorten their shelf life.
Organic peroxides are commonly used in rubber vulcanization processes. They decompose to form free radicals that attach themselves to adjacent polymer chains. This process is illustrated schematically in Fig. 1.21. The rubber matrix is cured by allowing this radical to bond to the adjacent chains, which leads to the formation of a crosslink. A crosslink is a carbon-carbon bond.
Competitive Scene of the Rubber Vulcanizing Agent Market
The rubber vulcanizing agent market is marked by a dynamic and rapidly changing competitive landscape. A multitude of players, spanning from well-established industry leaders to pioneering startups, compete for market share and supremacy. Rigorous competition cultivates an ongoing pursuit of innovation and exceptional performance as companies strive to distinguish themselves through superior product quality, pricing tactics, and customer satisfaction. Market dynamics are shaped by variables such as technological innovations, regulatory modifications, and evolving consumer preferences. This dynamic competition not only drives market expansion but also poses challenges and opportunities for participants, fostering strategic collaborations, consolidations, and takeovers as businesses strive to maintain a competitive edge in this constantly evolving environment. The Rubber Vulcanizing Agent market presents a captivating array of competition, where the ability to adjust and come up with new ideas are crucial factors for achieving success.
Interesting Facts About Rubber Vulcanizing Agents You Should Know
Vulcanizing Agents Have Been Used for Over 150 Years
The vulcanization of rubber was first discovered in 1839. Since then, various agents have been developed. These are primarily used to improve the strength and durability of rubber products. Over the years, vulcanizing agents have become an essential component of the rubber industry. Their use has continued to evolve to meet the changing demands of various applications.
Sulphur is the Most Commonly Used Vulcanizing Agent
Sulphur is the most widely used vulcanizing agent in the rubber industry. It accounts for over 90% of the total vulcanizing agents used. The sulphur molecule cross-links the rubber molecules. These offer improved strength and stability. Additionally, sulphur is a relatively inexpensive and readily available vulcanizing agent. Thus, it is a primary option for manufacturers.
Peroxides and Metal Oxides are Also Common
While sulphur is the most commonly used vulcanizing agent, other agents are used for specific applications. For example, peroxides, such as dicumyl peroxide and hexane, are used in producing high-performance rubbers, such as racing tyres. Metal oxides, such as zinc oxide and magnesium oxide, are also used as vulcanizing agents. These are primarily used in the production of electrical insulation materials.
The Choice of Vulcanizing Agent Depends on the Type of Rubber
The choice of vulcanizing agent depends on the type of rubber being used. For example, sulphur-based vulcanizing agents are typically used for natural rubber. Peroxides are used for synthetic rubbers. These include Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM) and Nitrile Rubber (NBR).
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Our Factory
Jiangxi Jianbo Rubber Additive Co. , Ltd. is located in Qianshan industrial park, Shangrao City, Jiangxi province, which is known as the"Thoroughfare of eight provinces" and"The first gateway of Yuzhang". Wuyishan, Mount Sanqing and Mount Longhu are all embracing each other within 100 kilometers, while the Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian and Anhui Railways criss-cross each other. 320, China National Highway 206 and the shanghai-kunming and Beijing-fuzhou high-speed highways run through the east and west, and the shanghai-kunming high-speed railway passes through the territory, there are four airports within a 100-mile radius. The geographical environment is superior and the traffic is convenient.
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Ultimate FAQ Guide to Rubber Vulcanizing Agent
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